Twisted pair cable
Infrared
Satellite
LoRa
Coaxial cable
Optical fiber
Wi-Fi
Zigbee
LoRaWAN
DSL
GPS
High cost and complexity of deployment
Limited data transfer speed
High susceptibility to interference
Incompatibility with IoT protocols
Ethernet
Bluetooth
Wi-Fi spectrum
Radio frequencies
All of the above
Radio waves
Both A and C
SMTP
It increases the size of IoT networks
It processes data locally to reduce latency
It reduces the cost of IoT hardware
It only supports high-bandwidth devices
Actuator
Sensor
Transmitter
Gateway
Data processing and storage
Device control interface
Hardware monitoring
Establishing local device connectivity
HTTP
CoAP (Constrained Application Protocol)
Telnet
Microsoft Azure IoT Hub
Arduino
Remote Frequency Identification
Radio Frequency Identification
Radio Fixed Identification
Random Frequency Information Device
To encrypt its data
To allow individual tracking and communication
To configure device protocols
To integrate with non-IoT devices
Devices operate without maintenance
Devices from different vendors work seamlessly together
Devices only communicate using proprietary protocols
Devices can update themselves automatically
Cloud computing
Edge computing
Middleware processing
Blockchain processing
4
5
6
7
Physical Layer
Network Layer
Session Layer
Presentation Layer
